The study, published in the Journal of Archaeological Science, reveals the elusive aroma is far more than just matter of decay through age; it captures a potent mix of embalming materials and preserved bandages, which uncover how the careful processes have evolved over many centuries.
The research team used pioneering techniques to analyse the air surrounding small mummy specimens the size of a peppercorn. Traditional methods often require solvent dissolving material, which is more damaging to fragile artefacts.
By combining solid phase microextraction with gas chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry, they were able to trap the gases present in small vials so the various scents - known as Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) - could be separated and analysed in minute detail.
A total of 35 samples of balms and bandages were taken from 19 mummies spanning more than 2,000 years of Egyptian history between 3200 BC to 395 AD. Across the examined samples, 81 distinctive VOCs were identified - all providing vital clues about how and when the mummification was carried out.
These compounds, even if only present in tiny amounts, were grouped into four main categories linked to the embalming substances used: fats and oils produced aromatic compounds and short-chain fatty acids; beeswax contributed mono-carboxylic fatty acids and cinnamic compounds; plant resins released aromatic compounds and sesquiterpenoids, and bitumen produced naphthenic compounds.
“The findings mark a significant step forward in improving our understanding of Egyptian history and the fascinating ritual of mummification," said lead author Dr Wanyue Zhao. Our analysis of the associated scents has uncovered new insights into how the practice developed through the ages and became increasingly sophisticated.”