Study aims to understand why COVID-19 vaccines can lead to very rare blood clotting with low platelets

Press release issued: 30 November 2021

A group of 11 institutions, led by the University of Liverpool and including the University of Bristol, is seeking to understand the very rare, but very serious, condition of blood clotting with low platelets in the general population, in COVID-19 infection, and potentially following vaccination.

The vast majority of people who experience a side effect from COVID-19 vaccination have only mild reactions lasting for two or three days. However, in March 2021 reports of small numbers of people being admitted to hospital predominantly after the Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine with what could potentially be a very rare side effect of vaccination began to emerge. These people had blood clots in the major veins in the brain, abdomen, or elsewhere in the body, but at the same time a low level of platelets – which are responsible for clotting – in the blood.

The group of researchers, supported by a wide range of collaborators within the NHS and national agencies, will work together to study the mechanisms underlying the occurrence of blood clots with low platelets – known as thrombotic thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS). This project is supported by the National Institute for Health Research and backed by £1.6 million of government funding from the Vaccine Taskforce.

Bristol's involvement in the study, led by Professor Jonathan Sterne, will be to look at the association of COVID-19 vaccination with cardiovascular events after vaccination by analysing very large (population-level) datasets.

Professor Sir Munir Pirmohamed, Chief Investigator from the University of Liverpool, said: "The combination of blood clots with low platelet levels is very rare, and although it has been reported previously - including before the pandemic - the clusters of cases were unusual and an association with the vaccines was suggested. It is important to note that the vast majority of individuals given the vaccine do not develop TTS - but between one in 100,000 and one in a million do. We do not yet understand why a vaccine that is safe for almost everyone can cause TTS in particular individuals.

"Our research will help understand why COVID-19 vaccines can lead to TTS in rare cases."

Jonathan Sterne, Professor of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology at the University of Bristol, Deputy Director of the National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre (NIHR Bristol BRC) and Director of Health Data Research UK South West, added: "The COVID-19 vaccines have been pivotal in protecting people from COVID-19 and allowing them to get on with their lives. It's vital that we understand their side effects, and we are delighted to contribute to this new study by examining rare events after vaccination using very large datasets including most people in England."

Dr Rachel Denholm, Lecturer in Bristol's Centre for Academic Primary Care, said: "Large national datasets are vital in studying the safety of vaccines, and we are therefore very excited to be involved in this large, national project investigating rare events following COVID-19 vaccination."

Dr Venexia Walker, Research Fellow in Medical Statistics and Health Data Science in Bristol Medical School: Population Health Sciences, added: "Given the critical role of COVID-19 vaccines in protecting people from COVID-19, it is important we continue to study the benefits and risks associated with them. We are therefore pleased to access very large datasets and collaborate with other institutions to study rare events associated with vaccination."

The researchers and doctors from across the UK will combine expertise in many different areas to understand the biology behind TTS and develop solutions to prevent and treat TTS. This will involve using information in electronic health records to understand underlying diseases, vaccine safety and effectiveness, explore how the immune system and the genes controlling the immune system respond to viral infection and vaccination, understand how and why blood clots form and the effectiveness of treatments for people who suffer these rare blood clots.

They will work with people who have recovered, or are recovering from TTS, and their families to make sure that their voice is heard.

The project will:

Investigate how common TTS was: before COVID-19; in those who have been vaccinated against COVID-19 and in those suffering from COVID-19.
Understand why a very small number of those vaccinated against COVID-19, and also those with COVID-19 itself, develop blood clotting disorders.
Investigate the changes in the body that lead to the unique combination of blood clots and low platelet count seen in TTS.

Professor Andy Ustianowski, NIHR Clinical Lead for the COVID-19 Vaccination Programme and Joint National Infection Specialty Lead, said: "The benefit of COVID-19 vaccines still far outweighs the risks, but it’s important we understand more about the biology behind TTS and why COVID-19 vaccines can lead to it in these rare cases.

"This research is vital to help find some answers to prevent and treat TTS, and further improve the safety of current and future vaccines."

Dr June Raine, MHRA Chief Executive said: "We welcome this important study. Whilst reports of blood clots together with low levels of platelets are extremely rare, understanding more about what has caused this very rare condition will allow us to further improve the safety of COVID 19 vaccines.

"We ask those who suspect they have experienced any side effect linked with their COVID-19 vaccine to report it to the Coronavirus Yellow Card website. This provides vital safety information needed to carry out our work."

The project partners include: Barts Health NHS Trust, University of Birmingham, University of Bristol, British Heart Foundation, Data Science Centre led by Health Data Research UK, University of Cambridge, Cardiff University, University College London, University of Edinburgh, Queen Mary University of London and the UK Health Security Agency.

Further information

About the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR)
The mission of the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) is to improve the health and wealth of the nation through research. We do this by:

Funding high quality, timely research that benefits the NHS, public health and social care;
Investing in world-class expertise, facilities and a skilled delivery workforce to translate discoveries into improved treatments and services;
Partnering with patients, service users, carers and communities, improving the relevance, quality and impact of our research;
Attracting, training and supporting the best researchers to tackle complex health and social care challenges;
Collaborating with other public funders, charities and industry to help shape a cohesive and globally competitive research system;
Funding applied global health research and training to meet the needs of the poorest people in low- and middle-income countries.

NIHR is funded by the Department of Health and Social Care. Its work in low- and middle-income countries is principally funded through UK Aid from the UK government.

About National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre (NIHR Bristol BRC)
NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre’s (NIHR Bristol BRC) innovative biomedical research takes science from the laboratory bench or computer and develops it into new drugs, treatments or health advice. Its world-leading scientists work on many aspects of health, from the role played by individual genes and proteins to analysing large collections of data on hundreds of thousands of people. Bristol BRC is unique among the NIHR’s 20 BRCs across England, thanks to its expertise in ground-breaking population health research.