- RESEARCH METHODS & STATISTICS
- INTRODUCTION
- FOUNDATIONS
- 2 Understanding, describing & exploring data
- Defining data
- Test Yourself
- Numerical summaries & display
- Test Yourself
- Categorical summaries & display
- Test Yourself
- Two numerical variables
- Test Yourself
- Transformations: Z-Scores
- Test Yourself
- Transformations: Logged variables
- Test Yourself
- Describing binary variables (prevalence & incidence)
- Test Yourself
- 3 Basic study design principles
- 4 Ideas of statistical inference
- 5 Basic probability
- 2 Understanding, describing & exploring data
- STATISTICAL INFERENCE
- SIMPLE COMPARISONS
- STUDY DESIGN & CONDUCT
- STATISTICAL MODELLING
- EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS
- GLOSSARY
- CREDITS
Interpreting observational studies
Learning outcomes
On watching this video, students should be able to:
- Explain what is meant by the terms chance, bias, confounding and reverse causality.
- Discuss alternative explanations for results from an observational study with respect to the role of chance, bias, confounding and reverse causality.