Key projects which have helped us to do this have been:

• Introducing heat pumps and better heating controls in our electrically heated halls of residence.
  
  
• Instituting advanced control in laboratories to reduce the need to condition air.
  
  
• Recovering rejected heat from refrigeration to warm buildings.
  
  
• Making old boilers more efficient by putting in new, well controlled burners.
  
  
• Installing efficient LED lighting with responsive controls.
  
  
• Installing half a megawatt of solar power, and two megawatts of combined heat and power.

This is all on top of more standard measures such as insulation, control and helping building users to understand local systems.

56% of our Scope 1 and 2 emissions are from electricity. All our electricity is now bought from certified renewable sources and audited to check that there is no-double counting of benefit. This provenance is sufficient to count this as zero-carbon electricity under the Greenhouse Gas Protocol Market Based Approach.

In discussing carbon neutrality, we currently use the ISO 14064 standard, which we have held now for several years this uses 2007-8 as a baseline, as it has been possible to calculate 07-08 to a greater degree of accuracy than 2005-6.