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Hoxby, C.M., (2003)
‘School choice and school competition – evidence from the U.S.’
Swedish Economic Policy Review 10, pp. 9-65
- A primer aiming to summarise the most recent answers to three common
questions regarding school choice:
1. Do public schools respond constructively to competition by raising
their own productivity?
- Hoxby uses evidence from three school choice programs (Milwaukee,
Michigan and Arizona).
- For all three school choice systems Hoxby finds that competition
raised productivity and achievement in public schools exposed to competition – schools
improving relative to both their own pre-choice performance, and relative
to other schools not subject to competition.
- Moreover, the greater the degree of competition, the greater the
productivity gains.
2. Does students’ achievement rise when they attend voucher or charter
schools?
- Hoxby presents evidence from six recent studies, the most striking
result being that achievement gains appear to be restricted to black
students, or
groups largely composed of black students.
- However Hoxby maintains that the achievement question is ‘essentially
wrong-headed’, as we should be concerned about productivity, and the
effect of competition on public schools.
3. Do voucher and charter schools ‘cream-skim’?
- Hoxby notes that the theoretical findings regarding cream-skimming
are mixed, and extremely sensitive to assumptions about the nature
of the program
and school behaviour.
- She finds that, if anything, charter schools are disproportionately
drawing minority and under-achieving pupils. This is unsurprising (the
schemes she
studies were designed to target these groups) but makes the point that
cream-skimming need not be a general outcome of choice programs.
- Hoxby concludes by enjoining researchers to ensure that they clearly
describe the structure and incentives generated by choice programs
they study, to avoid generating ‘a muddle of evidence’.
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